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### 6.57 Built-in Functions for Memory Model Aware Atomic Operations

The following built-in functions approximately match the requirements for the C++11 memory model. They are all identified by being prefixed with ‘`__atomic`’ and most are overloaded so that they work with multiple types.

These functions are intended to replace the legacy ‘`__sync`’ builtins. The main difference is that the memory order that is requested is a parameter to the functions. New code should always use the ‘`__atomic`’ builtins rather than the ‘`__sync`’ builtins.

Note that the ‘`__atomic`’ builtins assume that programs will conform to the C++11 memory model. In particular, they assume that programs are free of data races. See the C++11 standard for detailed requirements.

The ‘`__atomic`’ builtins can be used with any integral scalar or pointer type that is 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes in length. 16-byte integral types are also allowed if ‘`__int128`’ (see __int128) is supported by the architecture.

The four non-arithmetic functions (load, store, exchange, and compare_exchange) all have a generic version as well. This generic version works on any data type. It uses the lock-free built-in function if the specific data type size makes that possible; otherwise, an external call is left to be resolved at run time. This external call is the same format with the addition of a ‘`size_t`’ parameter inserted as the first parameter indicating the size of the object being pointed to. All objects must be the same size.

There are 6 different memory orders that can be specified. These map to the C++11 memory orders with the same names, see the C++11 standard or the GCC wiki on atomic synchronization for detailed definitions. Individual targets may also support additional memory orders for use on specific architectures. Refer to the target documentation for details of these.

An atomic operation can both constrain code motion and be mapped to hardware instructions for synchronization between threads (e.g., a fence). To which extent this happens is controlled by the memory orders, which are listed here in approximately ascending order of strength. The description of each memory order is only meant to roughly illustrate the effects and is not a specification; see the C++11 memory model for precise semantics.

`__ATOMIC_RELAXED`

  Implies no inter-thread ordering constraints.

`__ATOMIC_CONSUME`

  This is currently implemented using the stronger `__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE` memory order because of a deficiency in C++11’s semantics for `memory_order_consume`.

`__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE`

  Creates an inter-thread happens-before constraint from the release (or stronger) semantic store to this acquire load. Can prevent hoisting of code to before the operation.

`__ATOMIC_RELEASE`

  Creates an inter-thread happens-before constraint to acquire (or stronger) semantic loads that read from this release store. Can prevent sinking of code to after the operation.

`__ATOMIC_ACQ_REL`

  Combines the effects of both `__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE` and `__ATOMIC_RELEASE`.

`__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST`

  Enforces total ordering with all other `__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST` operations.

Note that in the C++11 memory model, fences (e.g., ‘`__atomic_thread_fence`’) take effect in combination with other atomic operations on specific memory locations (e.g., atomic loads); operations on specific memory locations do not necessarily affect other operations in the same way.

Target architectures are encouraged to provide their own patterns for each of the atomic built-in functions. If no target is provided, the original non-memory model set of ‘`__sync`’ atomic built-in functions are used, along with any required synchronization fences surrounding it in order to achieve the proper behavior. Execution in this case is subject to the same restrictions as those built-in functions.

If there is no pattern or mechanism to provide a lock-free instruction sequence, a call is made to an external routine with the same parameters to be resolved at run time.

When implementing patterns for these built-in functions, the memory order parameter can be ignored as long as the pattern implements the most restrictive `__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST` memory order. Any of the other memory orders execute correctly with this memory order but they may not execute as efficiently as they could with a more appropriate implementation of the relaxed requirements.

Note that the C++11 standard allows for the memory order parameter to be determined at run time rather than at compile time. These built-in functions map any run-time value to `__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST` rather than invoke a runtime library call or inline a switch statement. This is standard compliant, safe, and the simplest approach for now.

The memory order parameter is a signed int, but only the lower 16 bits are reserved for the memory order. The remainder of the signed int is reserved for target use and should be 0. Use of the predefined atomic values ensures proper usage.

Built-in Function: type __atomic_load_n (type *ptr, int memorder)

  This built-in function implements an atomic load operation. It returns the contents of `*ptr`.

  The valid memory order variants are `__ATOMIC_RELAXED`, `__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST`, `__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE`, and `__ATOMIC_CONSUME`.

Built-in Function: void __atomic_load (type *ptr, type *ret, int memorder)

  This is the generic version of an atomic load. It returns the contents of `*ptr` in `*ret`.

Built-in Function: void __atomic_store_n (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)

  This built-in function implements an atomic store operation. It writes `val` into `*ptr`.

  The valid memory order variants are `__ATOMIC_RELAXED`, `__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST`, and `__ATOMIC_RELEASE`.

Built-in Function: void __atomic_store (type *ptr, type *val, int memorder)

  This is the generic version of an atomic store. It stores the value of `*val` into `*ptr`.

Built-in Function: type __atomic_exchange_n (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)

  This built-in function implements an atomic exchange operation. It writes val into `*ptr`, and returns the previous contents of `*ptr`.

  All memory order variants are valid.

Built-in Function: void __atomic_exchange (type *ptr, type *val, type *ret, int memorder)

  This is the generic version of an atomic exchange. It stores the contents of `*val` into `*ptr`. The original value of `*ptr` is copied into `*ret`.

Built-in Function: bool __atomic_compare_exchange_n (type *ptr, type *expected, type desired, bool weak, int success_memorder, int failure_memorder)

  This built-in function implements an atomic compare and exchange operation. This compares the contents of `*ptr` with the contents of `*expected`. If equal, the operation is a read-modify-write operation that writes desired into `*ptr`. If they are not equal, the operation is a read and the current contents of `*ptr` are written into `*expected`. weak is `true` for weak compare_exchange, which may fail spuriously, and `false` for the strong variation, which never fails spuriously. Many targets only offer the strong variation and ignore the parameter. When in doubt, use the strong variation.

  If desired is written into `*ptr` then `true` is returned and memory is affected according to the memory order specified by success_memorder. There are no restrictions on what memory order can be used here.

  Otherwise, `false` is returned and memory is affected according to failure_memorder. This memory order cannot be `__ATOMIC_RELEASE` nor `__ATOMIC_ACQ_REL`. It also cannot be a stronger order than that specified by success_memorder.

Built-in Function: bool __atomic_compare_exchange (type *ptr, type *expected, type *desired, bool weak, int success_memorder, int failure_memorder)

  This built-in function implements the generic version of `__atomic_compare_exchange`. The function is virtually identical to `__atomic_compare_exchange_n`, except the desired value is also a pointer.

Built-in Function: type __atomic_add_fetch (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)
Built-in Function: type __atomic_sub_fetch (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)
Built-in Function: type __atomic_and_fetch (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)
Built-in Function: type __atomic_xor_fetch (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)
Built-in Function: type __atomic_or_fetch (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)
Built-in Function: type __atomic_nand_fetch (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)

  These built-in functions perform the operation suggested by the name, and return the result of the operation. Operations on pointer arguments are performed as if the operands were of the `uintptr_t` type. That is, they are not scaled by the size of the type to which the pointer points.

      { *ptr op= val; return *ptr; }
      { *ptr = ~(*ptr & val); return *ptr; } // nand

  The object pointed to by the first argument must be of integer or pointer type. It must not be a boolean type. All memory orders are valid.

Built-in Function: type __atomic_fetch_add (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)
Built-in Function: type __atomic_fetch_sub (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)
Built-in Function: type __atomic_fetch_and (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)
Built-in Function: type __atomic_fetch_xor (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)
Built-in Function: type __atomic_fetch_or (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)
Built-in Function: type __atomic_fetch_nand (type *ptr, type val, int memorder)

  These built-in functions perform the operation suggested by the name, and return the value that had previously been in `*ptr`. Operations on pointer arguments are performed as if the operands were of the `uintptr_t` type. That is, they are not scaled by the size of the type to which the pointer points.

      { tmp = *ptr; *ptr op= val; return tmp; }
      { tmp = *ptr; *ptr = ~(*ptr & val); return tmp; } // nand

  The same constraints on arguments apply as for the corresponding `__atomic_op_fetch` built-in functions. All memory orders are valid.

Built-in Function: bool __atomic_test_and_set (void *ptr, int memorder)

  This built-in function performs an atomic test-and-set operation on the byte at `*ptr`. The byte is set to some implementation defined nonzero “set” value and the return value is `true` if and only if the previous contents were “set”. It should be only used for operands of type `bool` or `char`. For other types only part of the value may be set.

  All memory orders are valid.

Built-in Function: void __atomic_clear (bool *ptr, int memorder)

  This built-in function performs an atomic clear operation on `*ptr`. After the operation, `*ptr` contains 0. It should be only used for operands of type `bool` or `char` and in conjunction with `__atomic_test_and_set`. For other types it may only clear partially. If the type is not `bool` prefer using `__atomic_store`.

  The valid memory order variants are `__ATOMIC_RELAXED`, `__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST`, and `__ATOMIC_RELEASE`.

Built-in Function: void __atomic_thread_fence (int memorder)

  This built-in function acts as a synchronization fence between threads based on the specified memory order.

  All memory orders are valid.

Built-in Function: void __atomic_signal_fence (int memorder)

  This built-in function acts as a synchronization fence between a thread and signal handlers based in the same thread.

  All memory orders are valid.

Built-in Function: bool __atomic_always_lock_free (size_t size, void *ptr)

  This built-in function returns `true` if objects of size bytes always generate lock-free atomic instructions for the target architecture. size must resolve to a compile-time constant and the result also resolves to a compile-time constant.

  ptr is an optional pointer to the object that may be used to determine alignment. A value of 0 indicates typical alignment should be used. The compiler may also ignore this parameter.

      if (__atomic_always_lock_free (sizeof (long long), 0))

Built-in Function: bool __atomic_is_lock_free (size_t size, void *ptr)

  This built-in function returns `true` if objects of size bytes always generate lock-free atomic instructions for the target architecture. If the built-in function is not known to be lock-free, a call is made to a runtime routine named `__atomic_is_lock_free`.

  ptr is an optional pointer to the object that may be used to determine alignment. A value of 0 indicates typical alignment should be used. The compiler may also ignore this parameter.

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