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#### 3.23.2 Module Preprocessing

Modules affect preprocessing because of header units and include translation. Some uses of the preprocessor as a separate step either do not produce a correct output, or require CMIs to be available.

Header units import macros. These macros can affect later conditional inclusion, which therefore can cascade to differing import sets. When preprocessing, it is necessary to load the CMI. If a header unit is unavailable, the preprocessor issues a warning and continue (when not just preprocessing, an error is emitted). Detecting such imports requires preprocessor tokenization of the input stream to phase 4 (macro expansion).

Include translation converts `#include`, `#include_next` and `#import` directives to internal `import` declarations. Whether a particular directive is translated is controlled by the module mapper. Header unit names are canonicalized during preprocessing.

Dependency information can be emitted for macro import, extending the functionality of `-MD` and `-MMD` options. Detection of import declarations also requires phase 4 preprocessing, and thus requires full preprocessing (or compilation).

The `-M`, `-MM` and `-E -fdirectives-only` options halt preprocessing before phase 4.

The `-save-temps` option uses `-fdirectives-only` for preprocessing, and preserve the macro definitions in the preprocessed output. Usually you also want to use this option when explicitly preprocessing a header-unit, or consuming such preprocessed output:

    g++ -fmodules-ts -E -fdirectives-only my-header.hh -o my-header.ii
    g++ -x c++-header -fmodules-ts -fpreprocessed -fdirectives-only my-header.ii