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#### 11.6.2 References to storage

`ARRAY_REF`

  These nodes represent array accesses. The first operand is the array; the second is the index. To calculate the address of the memory accessed, you must scale the index by the size of the type of the array elements. The type of these expressions must be the type of a component of the array. The third and fourth operands are used after gimplification to represent the lower bound and component size but should not be used directly; call `array_ref_low_bound` and `array_ref_element_size` instead.

`ARRAY_RANGE_REF`

  These nodes represent access to a range (or “slice”) of an array. The operands are the same as that for `ARRAY_REF` and have the same meanings. The type of these expressions must be an array whose component type is the same as that of the first operand. The range of that array type determines the amount of data these expressions access.

`COMPONENT_REF`

  These nodes represent non-static data member accesses. The first operand is the object (rather than a pointer to it); the second operand is the `FIELD_DECL` for the data member. The third operand represents the byte offset of the field, but should not be used directly; call `component_ref_field_offset` instead.

`ADDR_EXPR`

  These nodes are used to represent the address of an object. (These expressions will always have pointer or reference type.) The operand may be another expression, or it may be a declaration.

  As an extension, GCC allows users to take the address of a label. In this case, the operand of the `ADDR_EXPR` will be a `LABEL_DECL`. The type of such an expression is `void*`.

  If the object addressed is not an lvalue, a temporary is created, and the address of the temporary is used.

`INDIRECT_REF`

  These nodes are used to represent the object pointed to by a pointer. The operand is the pointer being dereferenced; it will always have pointer or reference type.

`MEM_REF`

  These nodes are used to represent the object pointed to by a pointer offset by a constant. The first operand is the pointer being dereferenced; it will always have pointer or reference type. The second operand is a pointer constant serving as constant offset applied to the pointer being dereferenced with its type specifying the type to be used for type-based alias analysis. The type of the node specifies the alignment of the access.

`TARGET_MEM_REF`

  These nodes represent memory accesses whose address directly map to an addressing mode of the target architecture. The first argument is `TMR_BASE` and is a pointer to the object being accessed. The second argument is `TMR_OFFSET` which is a pointer constant with dual purpose serving both as constant offset and holder of the type used for type-based alias analysis. The first two operands have exactly the same semantics as `MEM_REF`. The third and fourth operand are `TMR_INDEX` and `TMR_STEP` where the former is an integer and the latter an integer constant. The fifth and last operand is `TMR_INDEX2` which is an alternate non-constant offset. Any of the third to last operands may be `NULL` if the corresponding component does not appear in the address, but `TMR_INDEX` and `TMR_STEP` shall be always supplied in pair. The Address of the `TARGET_MEM_REF` is determined in the following way.

      TMR_BASE + TMR_OFFSET + TMR_INDEX * TMR_STEP + TMR_INDEX2

  The type of the node specifies the alignment of the access.

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